Intengo yeloli ye-dumper inengqondo kuphela uma izimoto ezicashuniwe zine-scope efanayo yobuchwepheshe neyokuhweba. Okunikezwayo okubili kungase kusebenzise ifomula ye-ekseli efanayo kanye nomzimba obukeka ngendlela efanayo kodwa wehluke ekucushweni kwe-chassis, injini kanye nephakheji ye-emissions, ukudluliselwa, izilinganiso ze-ekseli, impahla yomzimba, isistimu ye-hydraulic, amathayi, imibhalo yokuhlola, izingxenye eziyisipele, isikhathi sokudiliva kanye nezindleko zendawo. Ngakho-ke isibalo esiphansi singachaza ububanzi obuncane kunokuthenga okungcono. Ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa amanani, abathengi badinga ishejuli ye-RFQ evamile kanye nohlu lokuchezuka kwabahlinzeki. Uma leyo mingcele isilungisiwe, intengo, isikhathi sokuhola kanye nemibandela yokukhokha kungahlulelwa ngesisekelo esiqhathanisekayo.
Qala ngomngcele wengcaphuno, hhayi ingqikithi
Inani leloli le-tipper lingachaza izinto eziningana ezihlukene: imoto elungele umgwaqo ephelele, i-chassis enomzimba ofakwe endaweni, iloli elingenazo imibhalo ethile yokuthekelisa, noma iyunithi ecashunwe endaweni yomphakeli kuphela. Ngisho nenkulumo ethi “standard configuration” ayithembekile ngaphandle uma izinga libhalwe phansi.
Ngakho-ke isiqhathaniso sokuqala kufanele sibuze ukuthi umthengisi ufake ini. Ikhotheshini engokoqobo ihlukanisa imoto, umzimba kanye nezinto zokusebenza zokuthipha ezingxenyeni ozikhethela zona, umsebenzi wokuhlola, ukupakisha, ezokuthutha zangaphakathi nezwe kanye nempahla yamazwe ngamazwe. Iphinde ihlonze indawo yokulethwa kanye nesikhathi sokuhweba ngokuqondile. Impahla ekhokhelwa umdayisi ayisho ngempela ukuthi ukudluliselwa kwengcuphe endaweni oya kuyo, ngakho indawo eqanjwe igama kanye nomthetho we-Incoterms okhethiwe kufanele kuvele ndawonye okunikezwayo.
Abathengi ababuyekeza okubanzi uhla lwamaloli okulahla amaphrojekthi ezimayini nezokwakha kufanele isebenzise umngcele ofanayo kukho konke ukucushwa okufakwe ohlwini olufushane. Uma kungenjalo, ingxenye eshiyiwe kokukodwa ingaphinda ivele kamuva njengenketho, izindleko zokufakwa kwasendaweni noma ukubambezeleka kokusebenza.
Ukucaciswa kwemoto kushintsha kokubili intengo yokuthenga nokulingana kokusebenza
Ukucushwa kwe-axle kuwumshayeli wezindleko ezisobala, kodwa akuwona umthetho ophelele wokukhetha. Iloli elingu-4×2, 6×4, 6×6 noma 8×4 libeka imingcele ehlukene ekudonseni, ukulayisha okusemthethweni, indawo yokujika, isisindo se-chassis nobude bomzimba. Isinqumo sokugcina sincike ekutheni imoto izosebenza yini ikakhulukazi emigwaqweni yomphakathi, emizileni ehlanganisiwe yokwakha, emigwaqweni yenkwali noma ezindaweni ezithambile zasezimayini.
Okukhipha injini nakho kudinga umongo. Isibalo samandla amahhashi aphakeme singakhuphula ikhotheshini yokuqala, kodwa i-gradient yomzila, isisindo semoto, izilinganiso zokudlulisela kanye nesivinini esilindelekile sinquma ukuthi lokho okukhiphayo kuwusizo yini. Okufanayo kusebenza ekucushweni kokukhipha. Isistimu edingekayo endaweni eyodwa ingase yengeze izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, izinzwa kanye nezingxenye zokwelashwa ngemva kokwelashwa ezingadingeki noma ezingafanelekile kwenye imakethe. Ikhwalithi yamafutha, amandla okuxilonga kanye nokwesekwa kwezingxenye zasendaweni kufanele kucatshangelwe ngaphambi kokuba iphakheji ye-emission iqandiswe.
Ama-axle okushayela, ama-axle okushayela, ukumiswa, ukukala kwe-axle yesiteringi, imishini yokubhuleka namathayi kwakha isistimu eyodwa. Ukushintsha usayizi wesondo kungase kuthinte ukuvuleka komhlaba, igiya, isilinganiso somthwalo kanye nokutholakala kokushintshwa. Ukushintsha isilinganiso se-axle yangemuva kungathuthukisa izinga ngezindleko zesivinini sokuhamba noma ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Ikhotheshini ebala amandla ehhashi kuphela kanye nomthwalo okhokhelwayo ushiya okuningi kakhulu kungaxazululiwe.
Umthamo womzimba awufani nomthwalo okhokhelwayo
Umzimba wokulahla ngokuvamile umehluko omkhulu obonakalayo phakathi kokunikezwayo. Izindleko zayo zithonywa ubukhulu bangaphakathi, ukwakhiwa kwesitezi neseceleni, ibanga lempahla, ukujiya kwepuleti, ukuqinisa, ukuhlelwa kohlaka olungaphansi, umklamo we-tailgate, izidingo zolayini nokuvikelwa kwendawo. Akukho kulokhu okuguquguqukayo okufanele kukhethwe kumthamo we-cubic kuphela.
Ukuminyana kwezinto kuxhuma umzimba ku-chassis. Usayizi womzimba wezinto ezinokuminyana kancane ungafinyelela umkhawulo wevolumu ngaphambi kokuba imoto ifinyelele isisindo sayo esivunyelwe. Itshe eliminyene lingakha isimo esiphambene: umkhawulo wesisindo osemthethweni noma wesakhiwo ungase ufinyelelwe kuyilapho ingxenye enkulu yomzimba isabonakala ingenalutho. Ukwengeza umzimba ngokweqile ngezinto eziminyene kwengeza isisindo futhi kungakhuthaza ukugcwala ngokweqile. Ukuyigaxa ngaphansi kohambo lokulahlwa kwezinto ezilula.
Lobo budlelwano buchaza ukuthi kungani amaloli amabili abukeka afanayo ekwazi ukuthwala izingcaphuno ezihlukene. Umzimba owodwa ungase uhloselwe isihlabathi noma inhlabathi, omunye ube ngensimbi eqhumayo, kanti owesithathu uhloselwe imfucuza yokwakha exubile. I-RFQ kufanele isho okokusebenza, ibanga lokuminyana elilindelekile, usayizi wesiqephu esivamile, indlela yokulayisha kanye nomthwalo wenkokhelo oyifunayo. Umphakeli angabese ephakamisa indikimba kunokumane abeke inani lebhokisi.
Isistimu yokunikeza ithiphu kufanele ihambisane nomjikelezo womzimba nomsebenzi
Isistimu yokunikeza ithiphu egibele elolini ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa umzimba namahinge nohlaka olungaphansi lapho kudingeka khona, isilinda esisebenza ngehydraulic, iphampu, ukuphuma kwamandla, ithangi likawoyela, amavalvu, amapayipi nezilawuli. Ukuhlelwa okuhlukile kwamasilinda, izingcindezi zokusebenza, i-geometry ekhuphukayo kanye nemikhiqizo yezingxenye kungashintsha ngokuphathekayo ukucaphuna. Baphinde bashintshe ukusebenza.
Intengo ephansi ye-hydraulic ayisona ngokuzenzakalela izindleko zephrojekthi eziphansi kakhulu. Uma i-cylinder stroke noma i-geometry ekhwezayo ingafaniswa kabi nomzimba, isistimu ingase ingalethi i-engeli yokusikisela ehlosiwe noma ukuziphatha kokuphakamisa. Uma iphampu kanye ne-PTO kungahambisani nokudluliswa nokugeleza okudingekayo, isikhathi somjikelezo nezinga lokushisa lengxenye kungaba izinkinga. Umzila wepayipi, ukuhlungwa, izigxivizo kanye nokutholakala kokushintshwa kwendawo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okunothuli noma okukude.
Cela umekhi ngamunye ukuthi akhombe i-hydraulic architecture ehlinzekwayo kanye nengxenye enkulu eyenziwayo ngaphandle kokusho ukuthi uhlobo olulodwa ludingeka emhlabeni wonke. Umbuzo owusizo ukuthi ingabe isistimu inosayizi ofanele, ibhaliwe futhi iyasekelwa emakethe yendawo.
Lapho ukuhluka kwamacaphuno kuvame ukuvela khona
| Indawo yokucaphuna | Yini engase yehluke | Lokho umthengi okufanele akucele |
| I-Chassis | Ifomula ye-axle, injini, ukudluliselwa, izilinganiso ze-ekseli, ukumiswa kanye ne-wheelbase | Qedela ukucaciswa okunikezwayo kanye nohlu lokuchezuka ku-RFQ |
| Umzimba wokulahla | Usayizi wangaphakathi, impahla, ukwakhiwa kwamapuleti, ukuqinisa, i-tailgate kanye ne-liner | Umdwebo womzimba ogunyaziwe, isilinganiso se-tare kanye nezinto ezihlosiwe/uhlelo lokusebenza |
| Ama-hydraulics | Ukuhlelwa kwesilinda, i-PTO, iphampu, ithangi, amavalvu, amapayipi kanye nendlela yokulawula | Ishejuli yengxenye, incazelo yokusebenza kanye nokuhlonza ingxenye yesevisi |
| Amathayi nezinsiza | Uhlobo lwesondo nosayizi, isondo eliyisipele, amathuluzi, onogada, uthayela kanye nempahla yokuxwayisa | Inani elifakiwe, okwenziwayo noma okuvunyiweyo okulinganayo, kanye nohlu lwamanani ongalukhetha |
| Ukuhlolwa kanye nemibhalo | Ububanzi bokuhlola, imibiko, izithombe, amamanyuwali, imibhalo yemvelaphi kanye namaphepha endawo | Irejista yedokhumenti ekhombisa izinto ezifakiwe, ozikhethela kanye nezihlinzekwe ngabathengi |
| Ukulethwa | Ukunikezwa kwefekthri, ukuthutha phakathi nezwe, ukuphatha amachweba, impahla kanye nomshwalense | Indawo eqanjwe igama, umthetho we-Incoterms kanye nokukhishwa kwezindleko |
Lesi sakhiwo sivimbela iphutha elivamile: ukuqhathanisa iloli elilodwa elicaciswe ngokugcwele nokunye okunikezwayo okusaqukethe izimeli ezingakaxazululwa. Yenza futhi ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva kubonakale. Uma impahla yomzimba noma uhlobo lwethayi lushintsha ngemva kwekhotheshini, umphumela wezohwebo ungalandelelwa emugqeni othile kunokuba ufakwe enanini elisha.
Izesekeli namadokhumenti kungakha igebe elikhulu lobubanzi
Izinto ezincane ziba eqolo lapho zitholwa ngemva kokufika. Isondo eliyisipele, amathuluzi amasondo, ubakaki wesicishamlilo, isivikelo sangemuva, ama-mudguards, ukulungiswa kokukhanyisa, i-alamu ehlehlayo, ikhava yomzimba noma izisekeli zekhebhu zingase zibe indinganiso kokunye okunikezwayo futhi uzikhethele kokunye. Okufanayo kuyiqiniso ngezihlungi zokuqala, amabhande, izimpawu nezingxenye zesevisi ye-hydraulic.
Amadokhumenti afanelwe isimiso sawo. Umthengi angase adinge i-invoyisi yezentengiselwano, uhlu lokupakisha, isitifiketi semvelaphi, amarekhodi okuhlonza i-chassis, amamanyuwali, ikhathalogi yezingxenye, umbiko wokuhlola, izithombe ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa noma imibhalo yokuvumelana ethize yendawo ethile. Lezi azizi zonke ngokuzenzakalelayo ngemoto ngayinye. Okunye kuncike emakethe, ekucushweni komkhiqizo noma ekuhlolweni komuntu wesithathu.
"Wonke amadokhumenti afakiwe" akucacile kakhulu ku-oda lokuthekelisa. Irejista yombhalo kufanele isho isigaba ngasinye esingalethwa, ulimi, isakhiwo, iqembu elinomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nesigaba sokulethwa. Uma idokhumenti ingakwazi ukuhlinzekwa, ukuchezuka kungokwekhotheshini—hhayi ngemva kokukhiqizwa.
Ukuhlolwa kobubanzi buthinta lokho okushiwo ikhotheshini
Isitatimende somphakeli sokuthi iloli lihloliwe asichazi izinga lokwamukelwa. Ububanzi bungase busuke ekuhlolweni okubonakalayo kuye ekuhlolweni kokusebenza okubhaliwe. Ku-dumper, ubufakazi obuwusizo bungabandakanya izithombe zokuhlonza, amarekhodi okumisa, ukuhlolwa kobukhulu, ukuhlolwa koketshezi nokuvuza, amasheke kagesi nokukhanyisa, imininingwane yamasondo, ukusebenza komzimba, ukusebenza kwe-tailgate kanye nokuziphatha kokuphakamisa nokwehlisa i-hydraulic.
Uhlelo lokuhlola kufanele lwehlukanise ukuqinisekiswa kwefekthri nokubhaliswa kwendawo okuyiwa kuyo noma ukugunyazwa komgwaqo. Imoto ingadlula ekuhlolweni komphakeli okuvunyelwene ngakho futhi isadinga isitifiketi sendawo, ukuguqulwa noma umsebenzi wokubhalisa. Lezo zibopho zincike emakethe engenisayo futhi akufanele zithathwe esicelweni sokuthekelisa esijwayelekile.
Uma ukuthenga kusekelwe kumodeli emele efana ne HOWO 6×4 iloli yokulahla, ikhasi eliyimodeli liyisiqalo sengxoxo, alithatheli indawo yencazelo esayiniwe. Ishidi lokumisa eligunyaziwe kanye ne-oda lokuthenga lihlala kuyinkomba yezohwebo.
Imigomo yokulethwa ingenza amaloli amabili afanayo abukeke enenani elihlukile
Intengo yeleveli yefekthri ayifaki izindleko ezingase zivele echwebeni noma kwikhotheshini yendawo. Ezokuthutha zangaphakathi nezwe, indlela yokulayisha, izindleko zechweba, ukuphatha izimpahla ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukuthutha olwandle, umshwalense, izindleko zendawo okuyiwa kuyo, intela yokungenisa ezweni, izintela, ezokuthutha zasendaweni kanye nokuthulula konke kungahlala ezinhlangothini ezihlukene zenkontileka.
Indawo eqanjiwe ibaluleke kakhulu njengegama lokuhweba elinezinhlamvu ezintathu. I-“FOB China” ayibonisi imbobo ethile, futhi “indawo okuyiwa kuyo ye-CIF” ayibonisi imbobo okuyiwona kanye noma ububanzi bezindleko zendawo oya kuyo. Ikhotheshini kufanele isho imbobo eqanjwe igama noma indawo kanye nohlelo olusebenzayo lwe-Incoterms. Kufanele futhi ikhombise ukuthi impahla iqinile, iyalinganiselwa noma ingaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kabusha.
Indlela yokupakisha nendlela yokuthumela nayo ingase ishintshe ukulungiswa kwemoto. Amanye amaphrojekthi athumela amayunithi aphelele; ezinye zidinga ukuqaqa ingxenye, izinyathelo zokuzivikela noma amalungiselelo akhethekile okuphakamisa. Umphakeli kufanele ahlonze ukuthi yini ezosuswa, izovikelwa kanjani nokuthi yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa kabusha okudingekayo ngemva kokufika.
I-RFQ efanayo ilungisa okuguquguqukayo ngaphambi kokubuyekezwa kwentengo
I-RFQ yeloli ewusizo ayidingi ukuchaza yonke imininingwane yobunjiniyela. Idinga ulwazi olwanele ukuze bonke abahlinzeki bathenge umsebenzi ofanayo.
- Izwe elisebenzayo, imfuneko yokubhaliswa komgwaqo kanye nendawo yokusebenza okuhlosiwe
- Uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, ibanga lokuminyana, usayizi wesiqephu kanye nemishini yokulayisha
- Inkokhelo eqondiwe, uhambo ngalunye, ibanga lomzila, i-gradient kanye nesimo somgwaqo
- Ifomula ye-axle ekhethwayo, umumo wekhabhu kanye nezingqinamba ze-powertrain
- Isitayela somzimba, cishe ubukhulu bangaphakathi, izidingo ze-tailgate kanye nolayini
- Ukulawulwa kwe-hydraulic, okulindelwe umjikelezo wethiphu nezingxenye zesevisi ezikhethwayo
- Amathayi, izesekeli, izingxenye ezisele zokuqala kanye nemibhalo
- Izidingo zokuhlola noma zofakazi benkampani yangaphandle
- Inani, iwindi lokulethwa elidingekayo, indawo eqanjwe igama kanye nesikhathi sokuhweba
Ngembuyiselo, umphakeli ngamunye kufanele anikeze imininingwane enikeziwe, izinsiza ezifakiwe, ububanzi bedokhumenti, uhlelo lokuhlola, isisekelo sesikhathi esiphambili, umngcele wokulethwa kanye nohlu oluhlukile lokuchezuka. Izinto ongakhetha kuzo kufanele zifakwe intengo ngokuhlukana. Leyo fomethi iveza umehluko wangempela wezobuchwepheshe nezohwebo ngaphandle kokuphoqa abathengi ukuthi baqagele ukuthi kungani inani leloli elilodwa le-dumper liphansi.
Susa inani lesabelomali uye kwikhotheshini elawulwayo
Isibalo sebhajethi siwusizo ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi, kodwa imvume yokuthenga idinga ububanzi obuqandisiwe. Lungiselela izimo zokusebenza, idatha yezinto ezibonakalayo, ukukhokhelwa okuhlosiwe, izidingo zomzimba, okulindelekile kokuhlolwa, inani kanye nesisekelo sokudiliva, bese uzithumela ngokusebenzisa ifomu lekhotheshini yephrojekthi. Impendulo yomphakeli kufanele ihlonze ukucushwa okunikezwayo ngqo, okungafakwanga, izinto ozikhethela zona kanye nokuchezuka. Kulapho kuphela lapho inani nesikhathi sokuhola singaqhathaniswa khona ngaphandle kokufihla umehluko wesikophu ngaphakathi kwengqikithi.
