Ikamyo yikamyo ita agaciro gusa iyo ibinyabiziga byavuzwe bifite urwego rumwe rwa tekiniki nubucuruzi. Ibitekerezo bibiri birashobora gukoresha formula imwe ya axle hamwe numubiri usa nyamara ugatandukana muburyo bwa chassis, moteri hamwe na pake yamashanyarazi, kohereza, amanota ya axe, ibikoresho byumubiri, sisitemu ya hydraulic, amapine, inyandiko zubugenzuzi, ibice byabigenewe, igihe cyo gutanga nigihe cyo kugana. Igishushanyo cyo hasi kirashobora gusobanura urwego ruto aho kugura neza. Mbere yo kugereranya byose, abaguzi bakeneye gahunda rusange ya RFQ nurutonde rwabatanga isoko. Iyo mipaka imaze gukosorwa, igiciro, igihe cyo kuyobora hamwe nuburyo bwo kwishyura birashobora gucirwa urubanza ugereranije.

Tangira ukoresheje imipaka yatanzwe, ntabwo ari rusange

Igiciro cyikamyo irashobora gusobanura ibintu byinshi bitandukanye: imodoka yuzuye yiteguye kumuhanda, chassis hamwe numubiri washyizwe mugace, ikamyo idafite ibyangombwa byoherezwa hanze, cyangwa igice cyavuzwe gusa mubitanga isoko. Ndetse imvugo "iboneza risanzwe" ntabwo yizewe keretse niba igipimo cyamenyekanye mukwandika.

Ikigereranyo cya mbere rero kigomba kubaza icyo ugurisha yashizemo. Amagambo afatika atandukanya ibinyabiziga, umubiri hamwe nogutwara ibikoresho nibice bidahwitse, akazi ko kugenzura, gupakira, gutwara abantu imbere no gutwara ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga. Irerekana kandi aho itangwa hamwe nigihe cyubucuruzi neza. Ibicuruzwa byishyurwa nugurisha ntibisobanura byanze bikunze ko impanuka ziterwa aho zerekeza, bityo ahantu hitwa hamwe n amategeko yatoranijwe ya Incoterms agomba kugaragara hamwe mugutanga.

Abaguzi basubiramo mugari guta amakamyo intera yo gucukura no kubaka igomba gukoresha imipaka imwe kuri buri rutonde rugufi. Bitabaye ibyo, igice cyasibwe kumurongo umwe gishobora kongera kugaragara nyuma nkuburyo bwo guhitamo, igiciro cyo kwishyiriraho cyangwa gutinda kwa komisiyo.

Ibisobanuro by'imodoka bihindura igiciro cyubuguzi kandi gikwiye

Iboneza rya Axle ni ikiguzi kigaragara, ariko ntabwo ari itegeko ryuzuye ryo guhitamo. Ikamyo ya 4 × 2, 6 × 4, 6 × 6 cyangwa 8 × 4 ishyira imipaka itandukanye ku gukurura, gupakira byemewe n'amategeko, umwanya uhinduka, misa ya chassis n'uburebure bw'umubiri. Guhitamo kwa nyuma biterwa n’uko imodoka izakora cyane cyane mumihanda nyabagendwa, inzira zubatswe zegeranye, umuhanda wa kariyeri cyangwa hejuru yubucukuzi bwamabuye y'agaciro.

Ibisohoka moteri nayo ikeneye imiterere. Umubare munini wimbaraga zishobora kuzamura amagambo yatanzwe, nyamara inzira igenda ikurikirana, ubwinshi bwimodoka, ibipimo byoherejwe hamwe numuvuduko uteganijwe byerekana niba ibyo bisohoka ari ingirakamaro. Kimwe nikintu kijyanye no gusohora ibyuka. Sisitemu isabwa kuntego imwe irashobora kongeramo ibyuma, sensor hamwe na nyuma yo kuvurwa bitari ngombwa cyangwa bidakwiye irindi soko. Ubwiza bwa lisansi, ubushobozi bwo gusuzuma hamwe nibice byaho bigomba gutekerezwa mbere yuko pake isohoka.

Ihererekanyabubasha, ibinyabiziga bigenda, guhagarikwa, kuyobora umurongo, ibikoresho bya feri nipine bigize sisitemu imwe. Guhindura ingano yipine birashobora kugira ingaruka kubutaka, ibikoresho, igipimo cyumutwaro no gusimburwa kuboneka. Guhindura igipimo cyinyuma gishobora kunoza igipimo cyogutwara umuvuduko cyangwa gukoresha lisansi. Amagambo yanditseho imbaraga zamafarashi gusa hamwe nizina ryumushahara usigara udakemutse.

Ingano yumubiri ntabwo ihwanye nu mutwaro

Umubiri ujugunywa akenshi ni itandukaniro rinini rigaragara hagati yatanzwe. Igiciro cyacyo giterwa nubunini bwimbere, kubaka hasi no kuruhande, urwego rwibintu, uburebure bwa plaque, gushimangira, gutunganya subframe, gushushanya tailgate, ibisabwa kumurongo no kurinda hejuru. Nta na kimwe muri ibyo bihinduka kigomba guhitamo kuva kubushobozi bwonyine.

Ubucucike bwibintu buhuza umubiri na chassis. Umubiri ufite ubunini buke buke urashobora kugera ku gipimo cyacyo mbere yuko ikinyabiziga kigera ku bwinshi bwemewe. Urutare rwinshi rushobora gukora ibintu bitandukanye: imipaka yemewe cyangwa imiterere irashobora kugerwaho mugihe igice kinini cyumubiri kigaragara nkubusa. Kurenza umubiri kubintu byuzuye byongera uburemere kandi birashobora gushishikariza kurenza urugero. Kutabigabanya kubintu byoroheje byangiza ingendo.

Iyo sano isobanura impamvu amakamyo abiri asa nkaho ashobora gutwara amagambo atandukanye. Umubiri umwe urashobora kuba ugenewe umucanga cyangwa ubutaka, undi ukoreshwa mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, n'uwa gatatu ku myanda ivanze. RFQ igomba kuvuga ibikoresho, biteganijwe ko bingana, ingano y'ibice, uburyo bwo gupakira hamwe nu mutwaro wifuza. Utanga isoko arashobora noneho gusaba umubiri aho kugena agasanduku gusa.

Sisitemu yo gutanga ibitekerezo igomba guhuza umubiri ninshingano zinshingano

Sisitemu yo gutwara amakamyo isanzwe ihuza umubiri hamwe ninteko ya hinge hamwe na subframe aho bikenewe, silindiri ya hydraulic, pompe, guhaguruka amashanyarazi, ikigega cya peteroli, valve, ama shitingi no kugenzura. Gahunda zitandukanye za silinderi, igitutu cyo gukora, gushiraho geometrie hamwe nibiranga ibice bishobora guhindura ibintu. Bahindura kandi serivisi.

Igiciro cyo hasi ya hydraulic ntabwo ihita igiciro gito cyumushinga. Niba silinderi ikubise cyangwa igereranya geometrie idahuye neza numubiri, sisitemu ntishobora gutanga inguni yagenewe cyangwa imyitwarire yo guterura. Niba pompe na PTO bidahuye nogukwirakwiza nibisabwa gutemba, igihe cyizuba hamwe nubushyuhe bwibigize bishobora kuba ibibazo. Inzira ya Hose, kuyungurura, kashe hamwe nibisimburwa byaho biboneka mubikorwa byumukungugu cyangwa kure.

Saba buriwese gupiganira isoko kumenya hydraulic yubatswe hamwe nibice byingenzi akora atavuze ko ikirango kimwe gisabwa kwisi yose. Ikibazo cyingirakamaro ni ukumenya niba sisitemu ifite ubunini bunini, bwanditse kandi bugashyigikirwa ku isoko ryerekeza.

Aho itandukaniro ryatandukanijwe mubisanzwe

Iyi miterere irinda ikosa risanzwe: kugereranya ikamyo imwe yerekanwe neza nindi itangwa rigifite abafite umwanya udakemutse. Bituma kandi ubugororangingo bugaragara. Niba ibikoresho byumubiri cyangwa ipine bihindutse nyuma yamagambo, ingaruka zubucuruzi zirashobora gukurikiranwa kumurongo runaka aho kwinjizwa muburyo bushya.

Ibikoresho hamwe ninyandiko zirashobora gukora intera nini

Ibintu bito bibahenze iyo bivumbuwe nyuma yo kuhagera. Uruziga rw'ibikoresho, ibikoresho by'ibiziga, icyuma kizimya umuriro, kurinda inyuma, ibyondo, gahunda yo kumurika, gutabaza inyuma, gutwikira umubiri cyangwa ibikoresho bya cab birashobora kuba bisanzwe mubitekerezo kimwe kandi bitabaye ibyo mubindi. Kimwe nukuri kubiyungurura byambere, umukandara, kashe hamwe nibice bya serivisi ya hydraulic.

Inyandiko zikwiye gahunda yazo. Umuguzi arashobora gusaba inyemezabuguzi yubucuruzi, urutonde rwabapakira, icyemezo cyinkomoko, inyandiko zerekana indangamuntu, imfashanyigisho, urutonde rwibice, raporo yubugenzuzi, amafoto mbere yo kohereza cyangwa ibyangombwa byihariye bijyana. Ibi byose ntabwo biza byikora hamwe na buri kinyabiziga. Bimwe biterwa nisoko, iboneza ryibicuruzwa cyangwa ubugenzuzi bwabandi.

"Inyandiko zose zirimo" ntisobanutse neza kubyoherezwa mu mahanga. Igitabo cyanditse kigomba kuvuga buri kintu cyatanzwe, ururimi, imiterere, ishyaka rishinzwe hamwe nicyiciro cyo gutanga. Niba inyandiko idashobora gutangwa, gutandukana ni ibyavuzwe - ntabwo nyuma yumusaruro.

Igipimo cyubugenzuzi kigira ingaruka kubyo amagambo yatanzwe

Uwatanze isoko avuga ko ikamyo yagenzuwe ntabwo isobanura ibipimo byemewe. Ingano irashobora kuva kumurongo ugaragara kugeza kugenzura inyandiko ikora. Kubijugunye, ibimenyetso byingirakamaro birashobora gushiramo amafoto aranga, inyandiko zerekana, kugenzura ibipimo, kugenzura amazi no kumeneka, kugenzura amashanyarazi n’umuriro, amakuru yipine, imikorere yumubiri, imikorere yumurizo hamwe no guterura hydraulic no kugabanya imyitwarire.

Gahunda yubugenzuzi igomba gutandukanya kugenzura uruganda no kwiyandikisha cyangwa kwemeza umuhanda. Ikinyabiziga gishobora gutsinda igenzura ryumvikanyweho kandi kigasaba ibyemezo byaho, guhindura cyangwa akazi ko kwiyandikisha. Izo nshingano zishingiye ku isoko ritumizwa mu mahanga kandi ntizigomba gufatwa uhereye ku bicuruzwa rusange byoherezwa mu mahanga.

Niba ubuguzi bushingiye kumurongo uhagarariye nka HOWO 6 × 4 ikamyo, urupapuro rwicyitegererezo ni intangiriro yo kuganira, ntabwo rusimbuzwa ibisobanuro byashyizweho umukono. Urupapuro rwemeza iboneza no kugura ibicuruzwa bikomeza kuba ubucuruzi.

Amagambo yo gutanga arashobora gutuma amakamyo abiri asa asa nigiciro gitandukanye

Igiciro cyo murwego rwuruganda ukuyemo ibiciro bishobora kugaragara ku cyambu cyangwa aho byerekanwe. Ubwikorezi bwo mu gihugu, uburyo bwo gupakira, kwishyuza ibyambu, gutwara ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, gutwara ibicuruzwa byo mu nyanja, ubwishingizi, amafaranga yoherezwa, imisoro ku bicuruzwa, imisoro, ubwikorezi bwaho no gupakurura byose bishobora kwicara ku mpande zitandukanye z’amasezerano.

Ahantu hitwa haringirakamaro nkigihe cyamagambo yinyandiko eshatu. “FOB China” ntabwo igaragaza icyambu runaka, kandi “CIF yerekeza” ntigaragaza icyambu nyacyo cyangwa aho amafaranga yinjira. Amagambo yatanzwe agomba kuvuga icyambu cyangwa ahantu hamwe na Incoterms ikoreshwa. Igomba kandi kwerekana niba imizigo ihamye, igereranijwe cyangwa igomba kwemezwa.

Uburyo bwo gupakira no kohereza burashobora kandi guhindura imyiteguro yimodoka. Imishinga imwe yohereza ibice byuzuye; abandi bakeneye gusenya igice, ingamba zo gukingira cyangwa gahunda zidasanzwe zo guterura. Utanga isoko agomba kumenya ibizakurwaho, uburyo bizarindwa nicyo guterana bisabwa nyuma yo kuhagera.

Ikigereranyo cya RFQ ikosora impinduka mbere yo gusuzuma ibiciro

Ikamyo yingirakamaro yamashanyarazi RFQ ntabwo ikeneye kwandika buri kintu cyose cyubuhanga. Irakeneye amakuru ahagije kubatanga isoko kugirango bagure umurimo umwe.

• Igihugu gikora, ibisabwa-kwiyandikisha kumuhanda hamwe nakazi kagenewe
• Ubwoko bwibikoresho, ubucucike, ingano y'ibice n'ibikoresho byo gupakira
• Intego yo kwishyurwa, ingendo kuri buri mwanya, intera yinzira, icyiciro hamwe nuburyo umuhanda umeze
• Ibyifuzo bya axle byemewe, cab icyerekezo hamwe nimbaraga za powertrain
• Imiterere yumubiri, ibipimo byimbere byimbere, tailgate nibisabwa
• Igenzura rya Hydraulic, ibyifuzo-byateganijwe hamwe nibice bya serivisi byatoranijwe
• Amapine, ibikoresho, ibice byambere byabigenewe hamwe ninyandiko
• Ubugenzuzi cyangwa ibisabwa nabandi batangabuhamya
• Umubare, usabwa idirishya risabwa, ryitwa ahantu hamwe nigihe cyubucuruzi

Mugusubizwa, buriwese utanga isoko agomba gutanga ibisobanuro byatanzwe, birimo ibikoresho, urugero rwinyandiko, gahunda yo kugenzura, igihe-cyo gushingiraho, imipaka yo gutanga nurutonde rutandukanye. Ibintu bidahitamo bigomba kugurwa ukundi. Iyo miterere irerekana itandukaniro nyaryo rya tekiniki nubucuruzi bitarinze guhatira abaguzi gukeka impamvu ikamyo imwe yamenetse iri hasi.

Wimuke uva kubiciro byingengo yimari ujya kuri cote yagenzuwe

Igishushanyo cyingengo yimishinga ni ingirakamaro hakiri kare mumushinga, ariko ibyemezo byubuguzi bikenera urugero rwahagaritswe. Tegura imiterere yimikorere, amakuru yibintu, umutwaro wo kwishyurwa, ibisabwa mumubiri, ibiteganijwe kugenzurwa, ingano nibitangwa, hanyuma ubitange binyuze kuri ifishi yatanzwe. Igisubizo cyabatanga isoko kigomba kumenya neza neza iboneza ryatanzwe, guhezwa, ibintu bidahwitse no gutandukana. Icyo gihe ni bwo bushobora kugiciro no kuyobora igihe cyagereranijwe utiriwe uhisha intera itandukanye imbere muri rusange.